LAWRENCE A. TRISSEL, F.A.S.H.P., is the author of the Handbook on Injectable Drugs.
Any correspondence regarding this publication should be sent to the publisher, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists®, 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20814, attn: Special Publishing.
The information presented herein reflects the opinions of the author and reviewers. It should not be interpreted as an official policy of ASHP or as an endorsement of any product.
Drug information and its applications are constantly evolving because of ongoing research and clinical experience and are often subject to professional judgment and interpretation by the practitioner due to the uniqueness of a clinical situation. The author, reviewers, and ASHP have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the information presented in this book. However, the reader is advised that the publisher, author, contributors, editors, and reviewers cannot be responsible for the continued currency of the information, for any errors or omissions, and/or for any consequences arising from the use of the information in the clinical setting.
The reader is cautioned that ASHP makes no representation, guarantee, or warranty, express or implied, that the use of the information contained in this book will prevent problems with insurers and will bear no responsibility or liability for the results or consequences of its use.
Director, eHealth Solutions Division: Jeffery Shick
Assistant Director, eHealth Solutions Division, and Clinical Informaticist: Edward D. Millikan
Production: Johnna Hershey, Juliana Casale
Cover Design: David A. Wade
Cover image is available from www.corbisimages.com.
© 2011, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
ASHP® is a service mark of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.; registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
ISBN: 978-1-58528-248-7
To those pharmacists who understand that research
is part of the mission of pharmacy,
and, as always,
To Pam, for her love, forbearance, and continuing support
I would gratefully like to acknowledge the valuable contributions of the following individuals, who helped in the preparation and review of the sixteenth edition of the Handbook on Injectable Drugs.
WILLIAM J. DANA, Pharm.D., FASHP, Quality Assurance Pharmacist, Harris County Hospital District, Houston, Texas
N. PAULINE THOMAS PARKS, M.S., Consultant Pharmacist, Houston, Texas
WENDY D. SMITH, Pharm.D., BCPS, Clinical Pharmacy Specialist in Drug Information and Drug Use Policy, Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Customer Service Department
7272 Wisconsin Avenue
Bethesda, MD 20814 USA
US Toll Free: 1-866-279-0681
International: 1-301-657-4383
US Toll Free: 1-800-665-ASHP
International: 1-301-657-1251
Handbook on Injectable Drugs. © Copyright, 2011. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
© American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2010